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Multiwavelength Milky Way Images
This 'Education' portion of the Multiwavelength Milky Way Project is intended primarily for use by educators, students, and the generalpublic.
Presented here are maps of the Milky Way galaxy at ten wavelength regions. The maps show the central part of our Milky Way galaxy in a band that extands10° north and 10° south of the Galactic plane. Below the maps is a finder chart.
Clicking on the map name, to the left of each map, will link you to abrief description of the Milky Way at that wavelength. Or you read thedescriptions by scrolling down the page past the maps.
To zoom in on a feature, click on the image you are interested in. A newscreen will appear in your browser showing the zoomed-in region along withsome information. From that screen you can then pan left or right, or zoomin even further. From the new screen, you can also access that same region of sky in the other wavelength bands.
The maps are low-resolution versions of thoseused in the poster.
Related resource links can be found at the Multiwavelength Milky Way Education page. Also accessed from the Education page is information about how to read the maps and what we see in themaps. For more technical information, references, and online data access links, please visit the Science Users page.
On this page:
Multiple levels of magnification are available for each wavelength, as our views with and without galactic latitude and longitude information (labelled with 'Grid'). Below the finder map, a combined view is available so you can directly compare the different wavelengths.
Maps
Radio Continuum (408 MHz)
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Atomic Hydrogen
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Radio Continuum (2.4 - 2.7 GHz)
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Molecular Hydrogen
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Mid Infrared
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Mid Infrared
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Near Infrared
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Optical
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
X-Ray
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Gamma Ray
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
Finder
4x, 8x
Combined View
1x, 1x Grid, 4x, 4x Grid, 8x, 8x Grid
The Images
Each image represents a 360° false color view of the Milky Way within 10° of the galactic plane. The images are in Galactic coordinates with the direction of the Galactic center in the center of each. For scale, the vertical dimension of each image is forty times the angular diameter of the full moon on the sky; the areas shown represent about one-sixth of the entire sky.
The images are derived from several space and ground-based surveys, many of which areavailable through the National Space Science Data Centerat NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
The image in the finder chart is derived from the IRAS100 micron map with COBEDIRBE 3.5 micron contours overlaid.
The interactive images above were created by Dr. Seth Digel, and Mr. Jay Friedlander (SSDOO Visualization Lab Task Leader).
Map Descriptions
Radio Continuum (408 MHz)
Intensity of radio continuum emission from high-energy chargedparticles in the Milky Way,from surveys with ground-based radio telescopes (Jodrell Bank Mark I and Mark IA, Bonn 100-meter, and Parkes 64-meter). At this frequency, most of the emission is from electrons moving through the interstellar magnetic field at nearly the speed of light. Shock waves from supernova explosions accelerate electrons to such high speeds, producing especially intense radiation near these sources. Emission from the supernova remnant Cas A near 110° longitude is so intense that the diffraction pattern of the support legs for the radio receiver on the telescope is visible as a cross shape.
Frequency: 408 MHz
Angular resolution: 51 arcminutes
Atomic Hydrogen
Column density of atomic hydrogen,derived on the assumption of optically thin emission, from radio surveys of the 21-cm transition of hydrogen. The 21-cm emission traces the 'cold and warm' interstellar medium, which on a large scale is organized into diffuse clouds of gas and dust that have sizes of up to hundreds of light-years. Most ofthe image is based on the Leiden-Dwingeloo Survey of Galactic Neutral Hydrogen using the Dwingeloo 25-m radio telescope; the data were corrected for sidelobe contamination in collaboration with the University of Bonn.
Frequency: 1.4 GHz
Angular resolution: 45-60 arcminutes
Radio Continuum (2.4-2.7 GHz)
Intensity of radio continuum emission from hot, ionized gas andhigh-energy electrons in the Milky Way, from surveys with both the Bonn 100-meter, and Parkes 64-meter radio telescopes. Unlike most other views of our Galaxy presented here, these data extend to latitudes of only 5° from the Galactic plane. The majority of the bright emission seen in the image is from hot, ionized regions,or is produced by energetic electrons moving in magnetic fields. The higher resolution of this image, relative to the 408 MHz picture above,shows Galactic objects in more detail. Note that the bright 'ridge' of Galactic radio emission, appearing prominently in the 408 MHz image, has been subtracted here in order to show Galactic features and objects more clearly.
Frequency: 2.4-2.7 GHz
Angular resolution: 10.4 arcminutes
Molecular Hydrogen
Column density of molecular hydrogen inferred from the intensity of the J =1-0spectral line of carbon monoxide, a standard tracer of the cold, dense parts of the interstellar medium. Such gas is concentrated in the spiral arms in discrete 'molecular clouds.' Most molecular clouds are sites of star formation. The molecular gas is pre-dominantly H2, but H2 is difficult to detect directly at interstellar conditions and CO, the second most abundant molecule, is observed as a surrogate. The column densities were derived on the assumption of a constant proportionality between the column density of H2 and the intensity of the CO emission.
Frequency: 115 GHz
Angular resolution: 30 arcminutes
Infrared
Composite mid-and far-infrared intensity observed by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) in 12, 60, and 100 micron wavelength bands.The images are encoded in the blue, green, and red color ranges, respectively.Most of the emission is thermal, from interstellar dust warmed by absorbed starlight, including star-forming regions embedded in interstellar clouds.The display here is a mosaic of IRAS Sky Survey Atlas images. Emission from interplanetary dust in the solar system, the 'zodiacal emission,' was modeled and subtracted in the production of the Atlas.
Frequencies: 3.0 x 103-25 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 5 arcminutes
Mid Infrared (6.8 - 10.8 microns)
This is an updated image from the WISE mission and an updated description is forthcoming. The previous text is below:
Mid-infrared emission observed by the SPIRIT III instrument on theMidcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite. Most of the diffuse emission in this wavelength band is believed to come from complex molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are commonly found both in coal and interstellar gas clouds. Red giant stars, planetary nebulae, and massive stars so young that they remain deeply embedded in their parental molecular gas clouds produce the multitude of small bright spots seen here. Unlike most of the other maps, this map extends only to 5° above and below the Galactic plane.
Frequencies: 3.0 x 103-25 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 5 arcminutes
Near Infrared
This is an updated image from the 2MASS mission and an updated description is forthcoming. The previous text is below:
Composite near-infrared intensity observed by the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)in the 1.25, 2.2, and 3.5 micron wavelength bands. The images are encoded in the blue, green, and red color ranges, respectively. Most of the emission at these wavelengths is from relatively cool giant K stars in the disk and bulge of the Milky Way.Interstellar dust does not strongly obscure emission at these wavelengths; the maps trace emission all the way through the Galaxy, although absorption in the 1.25 micron band is evident toward the Galactic center region.
Frequencies: 86 x 103-240 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 42 arcminutes
Optical
Intensity of visible (0.4 - 0.6 micron) light from a photographic survey.Due to the strong obscuring effect of interstellar dust,the light is primarily from stars within a few thousand light-years of the Sun, nearby on the scale ofthe Milky Way. The widespread bright red regions are produced by glowing, low-density gas. Dark patches are due to absorbing clouds of gas and dust, which are evident in the Molecular hydrogen and Infrared maps as emission regions.Stars differ from one another in color, as well as mass, size and luminosity. Interstellar dust scatters blue light preferentially, reddening the starlight somewhat relative to its true color and producing a diffuse bluish glow. Thisscattering, as well as absorption of some of the light by dust, also leaves the light diminished in brightness. The panorama was assembled from sixteen wide-angle photographs taken by Dr. Axel Mellinger using a standard 35-mm camera and color negative film.The exposures were made between July 1997 and January 1999 at sites in the UnitedStates, South Africa, and Germany. The image processing and mosaicing procedures are described in the document cited below. Image courtesy of A. Mellinger.
Frequency: 460 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 1 arcminute
Ultraviolet
You might notice that missing from the list of images is the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Ultraviolet radiation begins just past the blue/violet region of the visible (optical) spectrum, and ends when X-rays take over. The boundaries between named regions can get a little blurred, especially if the broad-band regions (example: infrared) are further broken into sub-regions (example: near infrared and far infrared). One reference on EM waves says microwaves extend from about 1 millimeter to about 10 centimeters. In that case, the map of molecular hydrogen would fall into the category of microwaves.
The sky has been observed at ultraviolet wavelengths with various detectors [links to EUVE, IUE, etc. will be listed]. An all-sky image has not been presented here because it is relativelyfeatureless. You may view an all-sky survey map in the extreme-ultra-violet athttp://archive.stsci.edu/euve/images/jbis_map.gif. The image at that site comes fromdata obtained with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE).
My Photos 2019
X-Ray
Composite X-ray intensity observed by the Position-Sensitive ProportionalCounter (PSPC) instrument on the RöntgenSatellite (ROSAT). Images in three broad, soft X-ray bands centeredat 0.25 , 0.75, and 1.5 keV are encoded in the red, green, and blue colorranges, respectively. In the Milky Way, extended soft X-ray emission isdetected from hot, shocked gas. At the lower energies especially, the interstellarmedium strongly absorbs X-rays, and cold clouds of interstellar gas areseen as shadows against background X-ray emission. Color variations indicatevariations of absorption or of the temperatures of the emitting regions.The black regions indicate gaps in the ROSAT survey.
Funny 10-4 Images
Frequency: 60-360 x 106 GHz
Angular resolution: 115 arcminutes
Gamma Ray
Intensity of high-energy gamma-ray emission observed by the EnergeticGamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the ComptonGamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). The image includes all photonswith energies greater than 300 MeV. At these extreme energies, most ofthe celestial gamma rays originate in collisions of cosmic rays with hydrogennuclei in interstellar clouds. The bright, compact sources near Galacticlongitudes 185°, 195°, and 265° indicate high-energy phenomenaassociated with the Crab, Geminga, and Vela pulsars, respectively.
10-4 Snowman Smokey And The Bandit Images
Frequencies: >2.4 x 1013 GHz
Angular resolution: ~120 arcminutes
Check 10-4 Images
Finder Diagram
Frequency: 115 GHz
Angular resolution: 30 arcminutes
Infrared
Composite mid-and far-infrared intensity observed by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) in 12, 60, and 100 micron wavelength bands.The images are encoded in the blue, green, and red color ranges, respectively.Most of the emission is thermal, from interstellar dust warmed by absorbed starlight, including star-forming regions embedded in interstellar clouds.The display here is a mosaic of IRAS Sky Survey Atlas images. Emission from interplanetary dust in the solar system, the 'zodiacal emission,' was modeled and subtracted in the production of the Atlas.
Frequencies: 3.0 x 103-25 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 5 arcminutes
Mid Infrared (6.8 - 10.8 microns)
This is an updated image from the WISE mission and an updated description is forthcoming. The previous text is below:
Mid-infrared emission observed by the SPIRIT III instrument on theMidcourse Space Experiment (MSX) satellite. Most of the diffuse emission in this wavelength band is believed to come from complex molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are commonly found both in coal and interstellar gas clouds. Red giant stars, planetary nebulae, and massive stars so young that they remain deeply embedded in their parental molecular gas clouds produce the multitude of small bright spots seen here. Unlike most of the other maps, this map extends only to 5° above and below the Galactic plane.
Frequencies: 3.0 x 103-25 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 5 arcminutes
Near Infrared
This is an updated image from the 2MASS mission and an updated description is forthcoming. The previous text is below:
Composite near-infrared intensity observed by the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)in the 1.25, 2.2, and 3.5 micron wavelength bands. The images are encoded in the blue, green, and red color ranges, respectively. Most of the emission at these wavelengths is from relatively cool giant K stars in the disk and bulge of the Milky Way.Interstellar dust does not strongly obscure emission at these wavelengths; the maps trace emission all the way through the Galaxy, although absorption in the 1.25 micron band is evident toward the Galactic center region.
Frequencies: 86 x 103-240 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 42 arcminutes
Optical
Intensity of visible (0.4 - 0.6 micron) light from a photographic survey.Due to the strong obscuring effect of interstellar dust,the light is primarily from stars within a few thousand light-years of the Sun, nearby on the scale ofthe Milky Way. The widespread bright red regions are produced by glowing, low-density gas. Dark patches are due to absorbing clouds of gas and dust, which are evident in the Molecular hydrogen and Infrared maps as emission regions.Stars differ from one another in color, as well as mass, size and luminosity. Interstellar dust scatters blue light preferentially, reddening the starlight somewhat relative to its true color and producing a diffuse bluish glow. Thisscattering, as well as absorption of some of the light by dust, also leaves the light diminished in brightness. The panorama was assembled from sixteen wide-angle photographs taken by Dr. Axel Mellinger using a standard 35-mm camera and color negative film.The exposures were made between July 1997 and January 1999 at sites in the UnitedStates, South Africa, and Germany. The image processing and mosaicing procedures are described in the document cited below. Image courtesy of A. Mellinger.
Frequency: 460 x 103 GHz
Angular resolution: 1 arcminute
Ultraviolet
You might notice that missing from the list of images is the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Ultraviolet radiation begins just past the blue/violet region of the visible (optical) spectrum, and ends when X-rays take over. The boundaries between named regions can get a little blurred, especially if the broad-band regions (example: infrared) are further broken into sub-regions (example: near infrared and far infrared). One reference on EM waves says microwaves extend from about 1 millimeter to about 10 centimeters. In that case, the map of molecular hydrogen would fall into the category of microwaves.
The sky has been observed at ultraviolet wavelengths with various detectors [links to EUVE, IUE, etc. will be listed]. An all-sky image has not been presented here because it is relativelyfeatureless. You may view an all-sky survey map in the extreme-ultra-violet athttp://archive.stsci.edu/euve/images/jbis_map.gif. The image at that site comes fromdata obtained with the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE).
My Photos 2019
X-Ray
Composite X-ray intensity observed by the Position-Sensitive ProportionalCounter (PSPC) instrument on the RöntgenSatellite (ROSAT). Images in three broad, soft X-ray bands centeredat 0.25 , 0.75, and 1.5 keV are encoded in the red, green, and blue colorranges, respectively. In the Milky Way, extended soft X-ray emission isdetected from hot, shocked gas. At the lower energies especially, the interstellarmedium strongly absorbs X-rays, and cold clouds of interstellar gas areseen as shadows against background X-ray emission. Color variations indicatevariations of absorption or of the temperatures of the emitting regions.The black regions indicate gaps in the ROSAT survey.
Funny 10-4 Images
Frequency: 60-360 x 106 GHz
Angular resolution: 115 arcminutes
Gamma Ray
Intensity of high-energy gamma-ray emission observed by the EnergeticGamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the ComptonGamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO). The image includes all photonswith energies greater than 300 MeV. At these extreme energies, most ofthe celestial gamma rays originate in collisions of cosmic rays with hydrogennuclei in interstellar clouds. The bright, compact sources near Galacticlongitudes 185°, 195°, and 265° indicate high-energy phenomenaassociated with the Crab, Geminga, and Vela pulsars, respectively.
10-4 Snowman Smokey And The Bandit Images
Frequencies: >2.4 x 1013 GHz
Angular resolution: ~120 arcminutes
Check 10-4 Images
Finder Diagram
Major structural features of the Milky Way (red), optical H II regions (blue), radio sources (green), and OB associations (purple)are labeled in the finder chart. The image in the finder chart is derivedfrom the IRAS 100 micron map of intensity with contours from theCOBE DIRBE 3.5 micron map overlaid. The axes of the finder diagramare labelled in degrees of Galactic longitude and latitude.
